A decade after the adoption of the first legal text of the country regarding the rules governing the procedures for the application of Trade Contingency Protections (TCP), the text was revised last year and a new legal text replaces the previous text in this regard. However, after more than one year passed from the enforcement of new legislation, the revision of the text, albeit with significant text enhancements, has not yet been able to activate the mechanism of TCP in support of national production in Iran, due to shortcomings beyond the text although there is an increasing trend in the use of these measures in the world, which has not put our country aside from its scope. This paper with a critical view examines the functions of TCP in the world and the necessities that Iran is faced with.

A contingent contract, according to the different definitions of different legal systems is a contract which it's effects (direct or indirect) depend upon uncertain events. The contingent contract is different from contract by chance (chance bargain). by considering varies examples of contingent contracts in different legal systems, We see varies classifications of contingent contracts. In some of this kind of contracts the obligation of one party depends upon uncertain events, For examples, insurance contracts or contracts for life annuity. In some kind of contracts, obligation or things which the parties have to bring is fix, But, After the performance of the contract, the final effect of the contract depends upon uncertain events. For example, some kinds of partnership like a contract between the owner of a land and the farmer to cultivate and divide the product and so on. The quality of some kind of goods, such as growing agricultural products or other future goods which will grow and will be existence in future, The sale of these kind of goods also, should be a contingent sale of goods.

According to released official statistics of greenhouse gas emissions in 2010, CO2, which is produced by fossil fuels and industrial processes, accounts for 65 percent of total global greenhouse gas emissions. The transport sector, in turn, is responsible for 23% of CO2 emissions. Researchers have been claiming that car manufacturers have not made significant efforts to reduce the pollution levels of their products, due significant government support policies, especially high tariff rates. It is also known that many developing countries impose high tariffs on car imports. In order to investigate the effect of tariffs on vehicle emissions, this paper analyzes the impact of vehicle tariffs on CO2 emissions of cars in a panel of 20 selected car importing countries during the years 2005-2013. The results indicate that increased vehicle tariff protection in the selected countries has led to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions. The China-South Korean policy model of tariff cuts, combined with environmentally supportive policies can be a good example for Iranian policymakers.

Contingency is one the key concepts in Islamic Philosophy, and inquiring in it, how much it be, developes the philosophical knowledge. Considering this point, in this article we intend to investigate in one of the important debates on Contingency, which has been neglected in all the previous studies. Our problem is “the equivocality or univocality of Contingency”. If we say that the previous thinkers have not dealt with this problem, we mean that they have not investigated in the implications and consequences of the problem, and have limited themselves in saying that the Contingency is equivocal. In this article, the Univocality of Contingency has been proved. There are many reasons for this; the correctness of the division of Contingency, the unity of the meaning of its contradictory, and the inducibility of Contingencies are among the reasons for the Univocality of Contingency. At the end, it has been proved by two accurate analyses that the Contingency, what kind it be, belongs to the Existence.

Contingency fee is one of the common institutions of common law legal system particularly in the united state. In this type of fees, the payment of fee is conditional to the results of lawsuit. So if the lawsuit fails, no fee would be paid to the lawyer and if the lawsuit is successful, more than usual amount or a pecent of condemned amount will be paid. Despite accepting theses agreement in some legal systems, there are some limitations in order to make conformity with their own legal system which make different, the importance and functions of it in compare with the U. S. In some legal systems, other institutions with the same function are predicted too. In Iran legal system, despite of freedom of contract, according to article 80 of the law of attorney regulations, a type of Contingency fees which is a part of a demand are prohibited. This paper with a comparative attitude and with insisting on U. S legal system and clarifiying the conditional and Contingency fees and its advantages and disadvantages, defend the accepting of it in Iran legal system.

Family, as the first social institution, affects the society larger than itself. The importance of the family as the key element of each sound society and strengthening relations between couples outline necessity of legal arrangements. Since females suffer more damages and losses due to collapse of the family so formulation of more supportive laws is required by the legislator. Therefore regarding Iranian civil law, support of the legislator from females married with foreign nationals and priority of each provision of the law of Iranian females married with foreign nationals has been compared and studied in present research in order to protect the family in direction of stability of marital relationships. Results obtained from this study show that supportive laws are limited in case of Iranian females married with foreign males and there is no essential support. Thus the necessity of more supports is felt based of importance of the family.

Theorists of management science divide it into four types: Classical, neoclassical, systematic and Contingency.To day's management is situation and Contingency oriented; that s, it tries to adjust management strategies according to situational unique requirements and choose specific strategies in special occasions.Theorists of Contingency management reject fundamentalism which says management prinaples are the same all over the world – and believe manager's performance is affected by situation. According to the prinaples of this theory, the desirability of management strategies depends on situation, may be inappropriate in another. Therefore, this theory is also called "situational attitude."This study investigates Ferdowsi's management attitudes and comes to this conclusion that he has possessed the specific skills of a modern manager. He is familiar with the latest principles of this science and tries actively to employ the best decisions according to existing conditions, Having complete command on dominant conditions, he motivates people according to their needs and different and appropriate decisions in conditions appeared to be similar. His outstanding, unique attitudes and top, Contingency management can inspire today's managers significantly.

In information security, ignorance is not bliss. It is always stated that hiding the protocols (let the other be ignorant about it) does not increase the security of organizations. However, there are cases that ignorance creates protocols. In this paper we propose distributed Contingency logic, a proper extension of Contingency (ignorance) logic. Intuitively, a formula is distributed contingent in a group of agent if and only if it is not follow from the knowledge of all individual agents put together. We formalize secret sharing scheme (a security property that is built upon ignorance of all agents), and a man in the middle attack to a weak protocol in our logic. We also illustrate a condition where disclose a secret may hide another one for ever. Finally we prove the main theorems of every logics, soundness and completeness. We also prove that the distributed Contingency logic is more expressive than the classical Contingency logic and the epistemic logic.

Contingency Proof is one of the oldest proofs of the existence of God, which enjoys numerous theological and philosophical expositions. What is examined in this article is the conventional form of this proof in the West, which has addressed the temporal Contingency of universe and thereby demonstrated the existence of God. Its other expositions like essential Contingency as well as substantial Contingency, which are of special interest to Islamic philosophy, have either received no attention at all or not clearly stated. In this article, relying on the old and new scientific and theological sources of the West, the writer intends to reappraise and review this issue. Hereby, two rational proofs and two scientific arguments on its most significant premise have been presented. Its two rational proofs stress on the impossibility of actual infinite existence and the impossibility of addition to potential infinite and its transformation into actual infinite; and its two scientific arguments are adopted from the patterns of creation and thermodynamic principles. Bringing up various theories of the pros and cons among the philosophers and theologians, the article proceeds to present a critical review of the above issue.

This research delves into an important philosophical principle founded by Sheikh Al-Ishraq Al-Suhrawardi that plays a fundamental role in the field of metaphysics. It is the principle of the noblest Contingency. The origins of this concept can be traced back to the idea of the chain of being which is found in the books of philosophers such as Aristotle, Al Farabi and Ibn Sina. The chain of being states that levels of reality are structured in a hierarchy from the noblest and perfect down to the most basic. Sheikh Al-Ishraq attempts to abstract from this theory, through deductive proof, a principle which asserts that nothing can exist without a cause of higher ontological level. Therefore, if a being of incomplete perfection should exist, it must be preceded by a nobler and higher being. Although the principle is titled the noblest Contingency, its logical conclusion is the necessity of its prior existence. The principle has been relied upon in the solution of some important philosophical problems such as the imaginal world, the theory of "the best of all possible worlds”, and the problem of evil. In this study, we examine the implications of this principle along with some significant aspects such as the criteria of nobleness and perfection. Then we shall look into some supporting arguments such as Al-Suhrawardi's own appeal to intuition, in addition we will cite four other arguments. We will conclude the study by discussing two objections to this principle. The first is by Almuhaqiq Alduwani and the second by Mulla Sadra which raises the issue that the possible levels of perfection and nobleness are infinite. In this study we are of the opinion that Mulla Sadra's objection is valid however his attempts to address it were not successful. The full text of this article is the arabic language, please for the view full text, refer to Persian. Please click here to view the full text of this article.